Fetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay - 2065 Words

When a woman is pregnant it is recommended that she does not consume any alcohol. If a woman does consume alcohol during the pregnancy she can cause a disorder called Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Rank, J.). In 1968, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome was characterized by P. Lamoine and colleagues form Nantes. They reported their findings in the French pediatric journal but unfortunately it didn’t draw to much attention. Five years later, in 1973, it was characterized again by K.L. Jones and colleagues in Seattle. Unlike the report in 1968 that wasn’t a success, this report in the British medical journal, The Lancet, triggered a great amount of reporters of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Perlstein, David, MD, FAAP). The disorder is characterized by brain†¦show more content†¦They also aren’t always asked to take part in a game but when they are, they are usually the last ones to be picked. â€Å"Their illness isn’t fatal, but a small part of their hearts and souls die with every rejection† (An Individual’s Place). The amount of alcohol that is safe for a mother to drink during her pregnancy hasn’t yet been determined, therefore the twenty-first century authorities say no alcohol should be consumed (Rank, J.). Alcohol is easily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract to the blood stream and circulates to the fetus by crossing the placenta. The placental blood flow to the fetus is weakened from ethanol by constricting blood vessels. This includes hypoxia and fetal malnutrition. The fetus metabolizes the alcohol slower than an adult, causing your developing baby’s blood alcohol concentrations to be higher than those in your body. This causes problems with the ability to the fetus to receive oxygen and nourishment for normal cell development in the brain and other organs. The damage that is done to the baby depends on the gestational period, dosage, and chronicity of abuse. (Mayo Clinic Staff 3, Rank J., Feta l Alcohol Syndrome). The women that do drink when pregnant can cause problems by the amount of alcohol that they consume. For a woman to drink a large amount of alcohol at one time is more dangerous than if she were to drink little amounts several times (Rank, J.). The women, who decided to consumeShow MoreRelatedFetal Alcohol Syndrome942 Words   |  4 Pages Fetal Alcohol Syndrome According to Seaver, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is birth defects causing learning, and behavioral problems in individuals whose mothers drank alcohol during pregnancy. This disorder is very serious, yet it is recognized as one of the most preventable. This causes major issues, when something so serious could be prevented but is not. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a problem because it leaves a permanent effect on the unborn child, but some solutions could be educating women andRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome1466 Words   |  6 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome â€Å"If women didn’t drink anymore during pregnancy, there would never be another baby born with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome or Fetal Alcohol Effect† (McCuen 33). This is a very powerful statement. It is also a very simple cure for an alarmingly high birth defect that all women have the power to stop. â€Å"Every year more than 40,000 American children are born with defects because their mother drank alcohol while pregnant â€Å" (McCuen 34). That is 1 to 3 per 1,000 live birthsRead MoreThe Disorder Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1018 Words   |  5 Pagesthe the disorder Fetal Alcohol Syndrome .This paper will aim to discuss what the disorder is ,it s history how it is diagnosed and the treatment and prevention of this disorder. Taking a sip a int hip Introduction :Behold, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat any unclean thing(Bible-Judges 13:7).It has been known throughout history that the effects of alcohol use in pregnancyRead MoreEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1390 Words   |  6 Pageslead to many severe abnormalities in the growing fetus. More specifically, a disorder that will be explored in this essay is Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS); caused by alcohol consumption during pregnancy. Since the alcohol is consumed in such a developing stage of the fetus, it can potentially cause many different complications in the unborn child. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome could easily be prevented with more awareness to the issue and its defining characteristics, how it affects the fetus during growthRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1707 Words   |  7 Pagesof prenatal alcohol exposure (Lupton, 2003). This number will only continue to grow if the risk of drinking alcohol while pregnant i s not brought to the people’s attention. When the mother takes a drink of alcohol, so does the fetus, which will cause physical and behavioral problems after birth. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is completely preventable and irreversible. FAS awareness and prevention is important; expectant mothers need to know the background information about the syndrome, some commonRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1699 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a condition affecting children born to women who drink heavily during pregnancy. There are three criteria used to describe the effects of prenatal alcohol exposure and to make a diagnosis of FAS. The first of these is a pattern of facial anomalies, these features include: #61558; Small eye openings #61558; Flat cheekbones #61558; Flattened groove between nose and upper lip #61558; Thin upper lip These characteristicsRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1096 Words   |  5 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a mental and physical birth defect. It occurs when a pregnant women consumes high levels of alcohol during her pregnancy. The effects of FAS can be traumatic in some cases, and in others children were slightly affected by exposure to alcohol. FAS has a wide range of effects on the fetus and infant, retarded growth, under developed facial features, slow cognitive development, and many more. The evidence of cases is overwhelming, yet in some societies it is still anRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1522 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a disorder that can happen to children whose mothers drank sufficient amounts of alcohol sometime throughout their pregnancy. Fetal Alcohol Syndrome is a condition classified in a group called Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, and is the most known and severe of the group. FAS, depending on the factors such as location, population and race studied is considered one of the leading known causes of mental retardation and birth defects, with 0.2 – 1.5 out of every 1Read MoreEssay on Fetal Alcohol Syndrome2703 Words   |  11 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) is a pattern of mental, physical, and behavioral defects that may develop in the unborn child when its mother drinks during pregnancy. These defects occur primarily during the first trimester when the teratogenic effects of the alcohol have the greatest effect on the developing organs. The symptoms associated with FAS have been observed for many centuries, but it was not until 1968 that Lemoine and his associates formally described theseRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1100 Words   |  5 Pagesyou want your child to have FAS? Read on and I believe you will come to the same conclusion as I have about FAS. FAS doesn’t sound so bad, but in reality it is. FAS means Fetal Alcohol Syndrome. FAS is a combination of physical and mental defects first evident at a baby’s birth. FAS is a direct result of a woman drinking alcohol during pregnancy. These defects continue through out the child’s life. One in five hundred children are born with FAS. Your baby is at risk no matter how much liquor you

Role Of Locomotives During The Civil War - 900 Words

Jake Bohling The Role of Locomotives in the Civil War What was the role of locomotives during The United States of America s Civil War? There are many things that locomotive did during the United States of America s civil war. First, locomotives were used to transport people. Locomotives were also used to transport other resources, such as weapons and food. Next, locomotives could be used very strategically, and cause confusion among enemies. I chose the topic locomotives affects on the United States of America s Civil War because I have been interested in the Civil War ,since visiting Kennesaw Mountain sparked my interested in the United States of America s Civil War. Later, I asked my parents if they knew anything interesting†¦show more content†¦Locomotives could transport thousands of troops to there destination in a very quick manner.. For example, Herman Haught rendered a strategy that was used at Gettysburg to transport the wounded. Herman Haught s strategy was very effective in moving wounded soldiers. Two thousand to four thousand injured troops at a time. Another, fantastic example is during the first Battle of Manassas when the Confederates sent reinforcement troops with a locomotive causing a victory over the Union. Another example, is the Battle of Chickamauga when President Abraham Lincoln sent twenty thousand reinforcement troops in just eleven days from Washington, D.C. to Georgia. Locomotive wer e used for transporting the wounded and reinforcements during the United States of America s civil war, but locomotives were also extremely effective at transporting resources such as guns, horses, food, and anything needed. Next, Locomotives were used for transporting food, weapons, horses ,and many more things during the United States of America s Civil War. Trains Could effectively carry large quantities of weapons at a time. Locomotives could hold people on board to defend the large amounts of weapons, since locomotives were so large. Trains would get their resources from a supply depot and then bring the resources to troops located along the railroad track. Although, carrying weapons by rail is extremely effective, it had multiple disadvantages. One disadvantage is that enemies

Nike Case free essay sample

What is the WACC and why is it important to estimate a firm’s cost of capital? Do you agree with Joanne Cohen’s WACC calculations? Why or why not? WACC, the weighted average cost of capital, which is the minimum return required by the finance providers for investing in an asset, project or the entire company. It needs to reflect the capital structure used to finance the investment. WACC is also used as the discount rate to appraise new investments for a company. Using WACC we can calculate the interest a company has to pay on the finances it makes. A firm’s WACC is the overall required return on the firm as a whole and used by the firm to determine the economic condition of the company for near future opportunities. We do not agree with Joanne Cohen’s WACC calculations because of three factors: a) For Cost of Debt, she used the book value of interest expense divided by the average book value of debt, which is wrong. We will write a custom essay sample on Nike Case or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Cost of debt is the actual yield that NIKE is paying on their issued debt (bonds) on the market. ) For Cost of Equity, Joanne is using the yield rate of 20-year treasury bonds, but her projections of cash flows are done for 10 years, so she should be using the 10-year treasury bonds rate. c) For WACC, Joanne calculating the weights of cost and debt using book values, but this is wrong; Joanne should be using the market values of both equity and debt. However, with the information given in the case she can only determine equity’s market value, because the case is not presenting how much debt has been issued by Nike, to calculate the market value of debt, but doing it this way will give Joanne a better estimate of the real market weights. ) If you do not agree with Cohen’s analysis, calculate your own WACC for Nike and justify your assumptions. After modifying the problems we observed with Joanne’s calculations, we presented the following reviewed results for Nike’s WACC: Cost of Debt: Calculated with the data provided by the case about Nike’s traded debt (bonds), determining a yield rate of 7. 17%, which is the actual rate of how much is Nike paying in the market for it’s debt. After the tax effect, we have a resulting Cost of Debt of 4. %, slightly higher than the previous calculations done by Joanne (2. 7%) Cost of Equity: The calculations done with the CAPM model are correct, with the exception that now we are using the risk-free return rate of 10-year treasury bonds in order to be in line with amount of years used to forecast the free cash flows of Nike. WACC: Market value of equity was calculated by multiplying the current price of Nike’s Stock times the total number of outstanding shares in the market. An accurate market value of debt cannot be calculated with the information of the case, so we keep using the book values of debt in books which shouldn’t be that difference from it’s market value because Nike’s bonds are being traded with a price of $95. 6. As a result of this new calculations, Nike’s WACC is 9. 53%, higher that the previous WACC calculated by Joanne (8. 35%). Even if the results are similar, the new result is more accurate and calculated entirely with market assumptions without the use of book values. ) Calculate the costs of equity using CAPM and the dividend discount model. What are the advantages and disadvantages of each method? Cost of Equity though CAPM is already calculated on question 2, with a resulting WACC of 9. 53%. Now, the resulting Cost of Equity using the DDM is completely different. The formula tells us that the expected return of a company’s stock is the expected dividend to be paid one period from now divided by the price of the stock today, plus the estimated growth rate. All of this numbers are given to us in the case, and after the necessary calculations we arrive at a WACC of 6. 42% (approx. 3% less than using the CAPM method). DDM (Discounted Dividend Model): Advantages: Simple calculation that doesnt need any complex data, just internal information about stock behavior. Good a quick look at possible future stock price. Disadvantages: Not accurate, not reliable as a valuation tool because stock valuation can be highly sensible to market changes and DDM does not take any of that into consideration. CAPM (Capital Asset Pricing Model): Advantages: The most important advantage of CAPM is that it only takes data from market behavior, only accounting for systematic risk which are the risks associated with the market, making CAPM a accurate tool to determine the actual market value of an asset. Disadvantages: CAPM it build under several assumptions and estimations, like the estimated return of the market premium rates and free-risk rates, which are really dynamic and sensible to uncountable factors. This dynamic nature of the market itself can go against the rigid nature of CAPM. 4) What should Kimi Ford recommend regarding an investment in Nike? After all the calculations and analysis done in the previous questions, and even though our reviewed calculations are slightly different than the WACC calculated by Joanne, the recommendation for Kimi is that she should invest in Nike’s stock and make it part of their portfolio, because the stock is undervalued.

Spratly free essay sample

As recently as yesterday, the Spratly Islands disputes were again highlighted in the international media. This time we see India lining up with Vietnam against China to vouch for Indias state-owned ONGC company to begin their legal exploration activities in Vietnams territorial waters. Just a few months earlier, in May and June of 2011 Chinese ships cut sonar cables attached to PetroVletnams boats in the same area. In the wake of the continuing Spratly Island disputes between China and Vietnam (among others), many still wonder why these small group of islands are so important? The Spratly Islands dispute can be looked at from a variety of angles. In terms of national security, these islands are important due to their location in the South China Sea, where many merchant ships pass through to deliver goods, people, and energy products to Asian-Pacific countries. By controlling these islands, the country in question would be able to ensure the safe passage of their goods. We will write a custom essay sample on Spratly or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page In terms of energy security, the Spratly Islands are considered indispensable to countries In the region due to the potential sources of natural gas and oll found under the Islands seabed. Whichever country wins the dispute would have the right to explore and develop these resources for their own domestic consumption. This would help in diversifying a countrys energy portfolio while making them less vulnerable to foreign oil and gas markets. At this time, however, the amount of recoverable oil and gas that these islands contain have not been fully proven. In terms of national pride, these islands are of particular importance to countries currently claiming all or part of the islands (Vietnam, China, Taiwan, the Philippines, Malaysia, and Brunel) due to the historical laim these countries have over the territory. These countries have a long sea-faring history, however, it has been tremendously difficult to say which country first inhabited or used these islands. So, which of these reasons is the real motive for the dispute? In my opinion, although the potential oil and natural gas that the Spratly Islands offer is compelling, what is more important to these countries Is the ability to control of the sea lanes surrounding these Island. By controlling the sea lanes In this area, the country In question would be able to Increase its national security by erouting merchant ships, block potential threats, or even divert the delivery of goods to a disputing state. The country in question could also secure itself by building a naval base in this area, potentially protecting itself and its shipments while increasing its own sea lane security. However, what does sea lane security actually mean? Sea lane security, at Its present time, is notoriously hard to define due to the legal, geopolitical, and diplomatic connotations of the term. However, I will attempt to synthesize this concept through articles taken from the united Nations Convention n the Law of the Sea. In the LIN Convention of the Law of the Sea, all ships are given the right to conduct the innocent passage (unarmed, no unloading of goods or people, etc. ) of their ships on all territorial seabeds (Part II, Section 3, Subsection A, Articles 17-19). This means that ships are allowed toget within 12 nautical miles from tne coast 0T a country, as long as tney are not a tnreat to tne natlonal security 0T tnat country. However, tankers or ships that may carry hazardous material may be directed to use specialized sea lanes to conduct their passage through a countrys erritorial waters (Part II, Section 3, Subsection A, Articles 22-23). The laws regarding the passage through straits, on the other hand, are a bit more complex as they require the determination of whether the straits form an island that are connected to a States mainland. If they are not connected, ships have a right of transit passage. However, if the straits are connected to a State then other transit passages will be recommended for the security of the state in question (Part Ill, Section 2, Articles 38-39). The principles of innocent passage in the previous paragraph also apply to he passage of ships through straits. Sea lanes, in this instance, are essentially the roads of transportation for ships on seas and oceans. The rules above apply to specific cases in which these roads of transportation might be blocked or redirected according to the what the ships are, what they are transporting, and how the passage of ships affect a states national security. As a result, the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Seas offer the nation who owns the islands or territorial seabeds an incredible amount of control, while nations who depend on these sea lanes for the elivery of foreign goods limited influence. Implications for the Spratly Islands Dispute For these reasons, the country that ends up claiming territorial ownership over the Spratly Islands also gains control of most of the South China Sea. This is because their territorial seabeds would extend not from their mainland coastline but from the islands coastline. For instance in the map below, Chinas claim over the islands would make their sea territory extend all the way south to Vietnam, the Philippines, Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia (Orange line segment), making the Hypothetical EEZ Exclusive Economic Zone) limit from coastal states part of Chinas territorial waters. This would not only make it tremendously hard for Southeast Asians to protest against Chinese naval operations in the future, but would also limit their economic activities (fishing, oil and gas exploration and production, shipping) in the EEZ. How do you solve this? Thus far, the only approach taken to pacify this conflict has been bilateral agreements. However, this approach breeds distrust as countries immediately place heir national sovereignty first by creating overlapping yet contradictory agreements. For example, this can most recently illustrated by the agreement signed by Vietnam and China (October 1 1, 2011) to hold biannual talks on border disputes and establish an emergency hotline for the South China Sea. Yet, at the same time, Vietnam aligns itself with India (October 13, 2011) to explore the South China Sea for oil and natural gas. What is needed for the resolution of this dispute is multilateral talks by all the parties involved in the conflict. This would not only establish a mutual foundation of understanding, but also send a message to the countries involved that there is a willingness to compromise and work together. Email Print 04 April 20121 last updated at 12:06AM SPRATLY ISLANDS: International court will deal with issue fairly By V. Thomas, Sungai Bulon, Selangor O comments TENSIONS between China and the Philippines rose when the latter challenged the formers claims of exclusive rights and sovereignty over the Spratlys. These islands are reportedly rich in gas, oil and other mineral deposits. China, the Philippines, Taiwan, Brunei, Vietnam and Malaysia have all made claims to them. It could turn into a regional hot spot unless a diplomatic way is found to defuse the tension, such as by sharing the resources or, better still, if all the claimant countries refer the dispute to the International Court of Justice in the Netherlands. Malaysia, Singapore and Indonesia have availed themselves of the courts international law expertise to settle territorial disputes. The courts Judgment was accepted in good faith by all and this has raised its stature. It is better to settle territorial disputes with the court than opt for war. In the case of the Philippines, it could call on the United States for military help to prevent it from being bullied by China. Should the dispute worsen, the solidarity of Asean members could be tested, apart from endangering the Zone of Peace, Freedom and Neutrality concept, which is a principle accepted by all major military powers to keep Southeast Asia free from conflict. Asean members, noting the danger of the dispute, should initiate a move, with the support of China and Taiwan, to refer the matter to the court.